OBJECTives: The current study aimed at a preliminary investigation of validity AND reliability of BELL OBJECT RELATIONS AND REALITY TESTING INVENTORY (BORRTI). Method: A total of 141 (88 females AND 53 males) students from Honar University (Tehran, Iran) were selected based on a convenience sampling method AND assessed by BORRTI AND the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) questionnaires. Data was analyzed by Pearson correlation method.Results: There were significant correlation among all subscales of BORRTI AND all components of SCL-90-R (p≤0.001). The BORRTI reliability by test-retest within 21 weeks interval was from 0.78 for delusion AND hallucination subscale to 0.65 for uncertain perception. Besides, alpha Cronbach for subscales was from 0.66 for social incompetency to 0.82 for alienation.Conclusion: The Persian version of BORRTI was suitably valid AND reliable in assessing two constructs of OBJECT RELATIONS AND REALITY TESTING.

OBJECT RELATIONS have A key role in psychoanalytic approach. Thus providing a persian version of a scale to assess OBJECT RELATIONS is helpful for elaborating empirical studies in this approach. the aim of the present study is to investigate validity, reliability, AND factorial structure of the Persian version of the BELL OBJECT RELATIONS INVENTORY (BORI). convenience sampling is used to select 558 students from the university of Tehran. First, by the method of translation-back translation, the Persian version of BORI is prepared. then BORI AND defense mechanism questionnaire (DSQ) are completed by the sample. Data analysis is performed by using of Pearson correlation coefficients, parallel, AND exploratory factorial analysis. Factorial analyses show four factors named egocentricity, alienation, insecure attachment, AND social incompetence. Cronbach Alpha AND split-half coefficients are 66/0-77/0 AND 60/0-77/0, respectively. significant corRELATIONS between OBJECT RELATIONS AND defense mechanisms shows convergent AND divergent validity of BORI. Accordingly, the reliability AND construct validity of the Persian version of BORI are confi rmed. Therefore, BORI for psychological research among Iranian samples is suitable.

Introduction: Depression is the only common psychiatric disorder that women are twice as likely to suffer from men. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between various aspects of anger AND depression in women through mediation of OBJECT RELATIONS AND Igo's empowerment. Methods: The present study is descriptive-correlational. 250 women aged 20 to 45 years old living in Tehran who had been referred to the emergency department of Roozbeh AND Imam Hossein hospitals were selected by convince sampling method. Participants filled out BELL OBJECT RELATIONS AND REALITY TESTING INVENTORY” , the “ Beck Depression INVENTORY” , “ Spielberger's State-Trait Anger Expression INVENTORY-2), AND “ three Minnesota Multiphasic Personality INVENTORY-2 supplementary scales, namely Hostility, Overcontrolled-Hostility AND Ego Strength” . Validity AND reliability have been confirmed in previous studies. Data was analyzed by SPSS. 20. Results: The chi-squared result is about 3 degrees of freedom, AND RMSEA is equal to 10. 0, which represents a good fit pattern. The criteria of GFI = 0. 99, AGFI = 0. 79, NFI = 0. 99 AND NNFI =0. 92 fit the model appropriately (P < 0. 01). In general, the proposed conceptual model has a good fit; some of the paths in particular are from external expression, internal expression, internal control, external control, extreme hostility, anger, anger AND hostility to depression by mediating alienation, attachment Insecure, social incompetence, self-knowledge AND Igo's ability were meaningful. Multiple correlation coefficient showed that 87% of variance of depression can be explained through the proposed model. Conclusions: The components of anger AND hostility through the mediation of Igo's empowerment AND the components of the RELATIONShip of the subject, can predict 87% of women's depression. Therefore, therapeutic planning for women with depression AND prevention programs for depression with regard to these components is suggested.

OBJECTive: The present research aimed to model the RELATIONShip between REALITY TESTING AND OBJECTRELATIONS with psychological well-being through the mediation of defense mechanisms in grief disorder. Methods AND Materials: The research method was correlational AND of the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) type. The statistical population included all individuals who met the diagnostic criteria for grief disorder AND visited psychological clinics in District 1 of Tehran in the year 2022. The sample size, considering the number of observed variables AND allocating a coefficient of 15 for each observed variable, was selected as 240 individuals through a convenience sampling method. Data collection tools included BELL’s REALITY TESTING AND OBJECTRELATIONS Questionnaire (1988), ANDrews’ Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire (1993), AND Ryff’s Psychological Well-being Questionnaire (1995). In this study, structural regression equation modeling AND SPSS22 AND Amos 23 software were used for data analysis. Findings: The research results showed that the indirect RELATIONShip of OBJECTRELATIONS to psychological well-being through defense mechanisms (β =-0. 32) is significant (p ≤ 0. 01). Also, it was determined that the indirect RELATIONShip of REALITY TESTING to psychological well-being through defense mechanisms (β =-0. 35) is significant (p ≤ 0. 01). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, the research model was confirmed in terms of significance AND fit indicators. The findings highlight the role of REALITY TESTING, OBJECTRELATIONS, AND psychological well-being in grief disorder, hence, these findings can have clinical applications AND be effective in therapeutic programs related to grief disorder

Background & OBJECTives: Schizophrenia is the most severe mental disorder. It not only disrupts the affected person's life AND functioning, but also damages the entire family system AND disrupts the socialization AND growth of life skills. A factor associated with schizophrenia disorder is ego functions, which include REALITY TESTING AND OBJECT RELATIONS; they significantly impact the formation AND recurrence of conduct. REALITY is among the most critical functions of ego. It is defined as the ability to distinguish the outside world from the inner world AND to correctly judge the RELATIONShip between the self AND the environment. OBJECT RELATIONS is the ability of individuals on the representations of themselves AND others; it is derived from the child's early RELATIONShip with the mother, AND this experience affects the individual’ s subsequent RELATIONShips. The term representation refers to how individuals cope with that OBJECT in their psyche system. Furthermore, it is not the result of the person's exact image, but the residual experience of that person. Determining the mental health conditions of the family system could help prevent relapse in the patients. The healthy family model is useful in achieving such goals; in contrast, the unhealthy family uses destructive family patterns, AND their interactions are associated with stress AND morbid behavior. Studies on the impact of family environment on schizophrenia highlighted a RELATIONShip between disease prognosis, family environment, AND relapse rate, as well as the need for readmissions. In pathological approaches, schizophrenia is mainly recognized as a set of symptoms. In these systems, the patient's phenomenal experience is absent, AND his/her mental world is limited to a few symptoms. Researchers should, therefore, consider factors related to schizophrenia. Besides, most studies have reported links between REALITY TESTING, OBJECT RELATIONS, AND family functioning. However, modeling the effects of variables on the severity of schizophrenia symptoms has not been discussed precisely. Therefore, the current study aimed to provide a model of the severity of negative symptoms based on OBJECT RELATIONS AND family function with the mediating role of REALITY TESTING. Methods: This was a descriptive AND correlational study. The statistical population of this study consisted of 250 patients who referred to 505 Hospitals in Tehran City, Iran, in 2017 AND 2018. The study participants were selected using purposive sampling method. Research tools included the Family Functioning Questionnaires (Epstein, Baldwin, AND Bishop, 1983), the OBJECT RELATIONS Scale (BELL, 1995), the REALITY TESTING Scale (BELL, 1995), AND the Positive AND Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay, Fizbin, & Oppler, 1986). Pearson correlation method AND structural equation modeling were used to analyze the obtained data in SPSS AND LISREL. Results: Pearson correlation data revealed a positive AND significant correlation between OBJECT RELATIONS, REALITY TESTING, AND the severity of negative symptoms (p<0. 001). Moreover, there was a positive AND significant association between OBJECT RELATIONS, family functioning, AND the severity of negative symptoms (p<0. 001). However, there was a significant AND negative RELATIONShip between family functioning, REALITY TESTING, AND the severity of negative symptoms (p<0. 001). The structural modeling of path analysis results demonstrated that the OBJECT relation AND family function, with the mediating role of REALITY, could explain the severity of negative symptoms in the affected patients (p<0. 001). Conclusion: The current study findings indicated that OBJECT RELATIONS AND family function with the mediating role of REALITY TESTING could be an appropriate model for predicting the severity of negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

OBJECTives The current research investigated the mediating role of self-compassion in the connection between OBJECT RELATIONS AND the severity of depression symptoms. Methods This was a descriptive AND correlational study. The study sample consisted of 245 male AND female students residing in the dormitories of Iran University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 2017-18. They were selected based on the two-step cluster sampling method. The subjects answered the BELL OBJECT RELATIONS AND REALITY TESTING INVENTORY (BORRTI), Self Compassion Scale-Long Form (SCS –, LF) AND Beck’, s Depression INVENTORY-Short form (BDI-S). The gathered data were analyzed in LISREL, SPSS, AND Mplus. Results The structural equation analysis results suggested that self-compassion plays a mediating role in the connection between OBJECT RELATIONS AND the severity of depression symptoms. Conclusion The study findings revealed that the connection between OBJECT RELATIONS AND the severity of depression symptoms is partly explained by a reduction in self-compassion. These findings help therapists to have a more correct understANDing of the etiology of depression.

The Big Five INVENTORY (BFI) is one of the most widely used personality questionnaires, but very few studies have been conducted on its psychometric properties in Iranian population. This study was carried out with the aim of studying the psychometric properties of the BFI questionnaire. For this purpose, 390 university students in Tehran (210 girls AND 180 boys) with an age range of 18 to 56 years (M = 27.52; SD = 8.79) were selected using the convenience sampling method AND completed BFI AND NEO-FFI questionnaires. Cronbach's alpha, multitrait-multimethod matrix, AND confirmatory factor analysis were used to estimate the psychometric properties of the questionnaire. The result of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that 15 of the 44 items did not have a strong factor loading (higher than 0.40) on the corresponding factors AND were therefore removed from the questionnaire. The fit indices showed that the Persian version of 29 questions (BFI-29) with 5 factors has a good fit with the data. The reliability analysis also showed that the range of Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the factors is from 0.70 to 0.79. The lowest Cronbach's alpha coefficient was related to agreeableness factor AND the highest was related to conscientiousness. The findings from the multitrait-multimethod matrix showed that the BFI-29 questionnaire has good convergent AND divergent validity with the NEO-FFI questionnaire. In general, based on the results of the present study, it can be said that the BFI-29 questionnaire has desirable psychometric properties AND whenever a short tool for personality measurement is needed, this questionnaire can be used.

The aim of the current research was to predict emotional reactivity based on OBJECT RELATIONS with the mediating role of mentalizing capacity. This study was carried out with the descriptive correlation method of structural equations type.The statistical population included married women in Tehran, AND for this purpose, 272 samples were selected using available sampling method.The tools used were Emotional Reactivity scale (Nock et al., 2008), OBJECT RELATIONS AND REALITY TESTING INVENTORY (BELL, 1995) AND Reflective functioning questionnaire (Fonagy et al., 2016). The data was analyzed using path analysis with the help of spss 22 software.The fit indices showed the excellent fit of the data with the modified model AND the results of the research showed that OBJECT RELATIONS both directly AND indirectly through mentalization capacity can predict emotional reactivity. Slow nose AND self-interview component among other components of OBJECT RELATIONS has contributed more in the explanation of emotional reactivity. Therefore, based on the findings, it can be concluded that the patterns of early mother-child RELATIONShips along with the ability to mentalize together can play a very important role in predicting emotional reactivity in adulthood.

OBJECTive: This study was designed to compare OBJECT RELATIONS AND anger control between MS patients AND normal individuals. Method: The present study was a cross-sectional case-control study with two groups: the case group (patients with MS) AND the control group (normal controls without MS). 80 patients AND 80 healthy individuals were selected according to the inclusion AND exclusion criteria using a simple rANDom sampling method. The research’, s data collection tool was a threepart questionnaire consisting of demographic information, the BELL OBJECT RELATIONS AND the REALITY TESTING INVENTORY (BORRTI) AND the State-Trait Anger Expression INVENTORY 2 (STAXI-2). The data were analyzed by the SPSS software version 26 using descriptive AND analytical statistics (stepwise regression). Results: The results showed that in terms of OBJECT RELATIONS, there was no significant difference between the two groups except in alienation of RELATIONS (P = 0. 035). The results also showed that in general, there was no statistically significant difference between the anger index of the group of MS patients AND the normal controls. However, 12. 8% of MS patients were significantly different in state of anger, trait anger AND anger control compared to normal individuals. This difference was especially higher in angry temperament (P = 0. 025) AND the anger expression-in (P = 0. 04). Conclusion: Although patients with MS were not significantly different from healthy individuals in terms of intrapsychic AND interpersonal functions in the context of OBJECT RELATIONS AND anger management, it seems that more complex AND multifaceted explanations lie in the results that need further research.